"""The pluralize and singular methods from the pattern library. Licenced under the BSD. See here https://github.com/clips/pattern/blob/master/LICENSE.txt for complete license information. """ import re VERB, NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB = "VB", "NN", "JJ", "RB" #### PLURALIZE ##################################################################################### # Based on "An Algorithmic Approach to English Pluralization" by Damian Conway: # http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~damian/papers/HTML/Plurals.html # Prepositions are used to solve things like # "mother-in-law" or "man at arms" plural_prepositions = [ "about", "above", "across", "after", "among", "around", "at", "athwart", "before", "behind", "below", "beneath", "beside", "besides", "between", "betwixt", "beyond", "but", "by", "during", "except", "for", "from", "in", "into", "near", "of", "off", "on", "onto", "out", "over", "since", "till", "to", "under", "until", "unto", "upon", "with", ] # Inflection rules that are either general, # or apply to a certain category of words, # or apply to a certain category of words only in classical mode, # or apply only in classical mode. # Each rule consists of: # suffix, inflection, category and classic flag. plural_rules = [ # 0) Indefinite articles and demonstratives. [ ["^a$|^an$", "some", None, False], ["^this$", "these", None, False], ["^that$", "those", None, False], ["^any$", "all", None, False], ], # 1) Possessive adjectives. # Overlaps with 1/ for "his" and "its". # Overlaps with 2/ for "her". [ ["^my$", "our", None, False], ["^your$|^thy$", "your", None, False], ["^her$|^his$|^its$|^their$", "their", None, False], ], # 2) Possessive pronouns. [ ["^mine$", "ours", None, False], ["^yours$|^thine$", "yours", None, False], ["^hers$|^his$|^its$|^theirs$", "theirs", None, False], ], # 3) Personal pronouns. [ ["^I$", "we", None, False], ["^me$", "us", None, False], ["^myself$", "ourselves", None, False], ["^you$", "you", None, False], ["^thou$|^thee$", "ye", None, False], ["^yourself$|^thyself$", "yourself", None, False], ["^she$|^he$|^it$|^they$", "they", None, False], ["^her$|^him$|^it$|^them$", "them", None, False], ["^herself$|^himself$|^itself$|^themself$", "themselves", None, False], ["^oneself$", "oneselves", None, False], ], # 4) Words that do not inflect. [ ["$", "", "uninflected", False], ["$", "", "uncountable", False], ["fish$", "fish", None, False], ["([- ])bass$", "\\1bass", None, False], ["ois$", "ois", None, False], ["sheep$", "sheep", None, False], ["deer$", "deer", None, False], ["pox$", "pox", None, False], ["([A-Z].*)ese$", "\\1ese", None, False], ["itis$", "itis", None, False], [ "(fruct|gluc|galact|lact|ket|malt|rib|sacchar|cellul)ose$", "\\1ose", None, False, ], ], # 5) Irregular plurals (mongoose, oxen). [ ["atlas$", "atlantes", None, True], ["atlas$", "atlases", None, False], ["beef$", "beeves", None, True], ["brother$", "brethren", None, True], ["child$", "children", None, False], ["corpus$", "corpora", None, True], ["corpus$", "corpuses", None, False], ["^cow$", "kine", None, True], ["ephemeris$", "ephemerides", None, False], ["ganglion$", "ganglia", None, True], ["genie$", "genii", None, True], ["genus$", "genera", None, False], ["graffito$", "graffiti", None, False], ["loaf$", "loaves", None, False], ["money$", "monies", None, True], ["mongoose$", "mongooses", None, False], ["mythos$", "mythoi", None, False], ["octopus$", "octopodes", None, True], ["opus$", "opera", None, True], ["opus$", "opuses", None, False], ["^ox$", "oxen", None, False], ["penis$", "penes", None, True], ["penis$", "penises", None, False], ["soliloquy$", "soliloquies", None, False], ["testis$", "testes", None, False], ["trilby$", "trilbys", None, False], ["turf$", "turves", None, True], ["numen$", "numena", None, False], ["occiput$", "occipita", None, True], ], # 6) Irregular inflections for common suffixes (synopses, mice, men). [ ["man$", "men", None, False], ["person$", "people", None, False], ["([lm])ouse$", "\\1ice", None, False], ["tooth$", "teeth", None, False], ["goose$", "geese", None, False], ["foot$", "feet", None, False], ["zoon$", "zoa", None, False], ["([csx])is$", "\\1es", None, False], ], # 7) Fully assimilated classical inflections (vertebrae, codices). [ ["ex$", "ices", "ex-ices", False], ["ex$", "ices", "ex-ices-classical", True], ["um$", "a", "um-a", False], ["um$", "a", "um-a-classical", True], ["on$", "a", "on-a", False], ["a$", "ae", "a-ae", False], ["a$", "ae", "a-ae-classical", True], ], # 8) Classical variants of modern inflections (stigmata, soprani). [ ["trix$", "trices", None, True], ["eau$", "eaux", None, True], ["ieu$", "ieu", None, True], ["([iay])nx$", "\\1nges", None, True], ["en$", "ina", "en-ina-classical", True], ["a$", "ata", "a-ata-classical", True], ["is$", "ides", "is-ides-classical", True], ["us$", "i", "us-i-classical", True], ["us$", "us", "us-us-classical", True], ["o$", "i", "o-i-classical", True], ["$", "i", "-i-classical", True], ["$", "im", "-im-classical", True], ], # 9) -ch, -sh and -ss and the s-singular group take -es in the plural (churches, classes, lenses). [ ["([cs])h$", "\\1hes", None, False], ["ss$", "sses", None, False], ["x$", "xes", None, False], ["s$", "ses", "s-singular", False], ], # 10) Certain words ending in -f or -fe take -ves in the plural (lives, wolves). [ ["([aeo]l)f$", "\\1ves", None, False], ["([^d]ea)f$", "\\1ves", None, False], ["arf$", "arves", None, False], ["([nlw]i)fe$", "\\1ves", None, False], ], # 11) -y takes -ys if preceded by a vowel or when a proper noun, # but -ies if preceded by a consonant (storeys, Marys, stories). [ ["([aeiou])y$", "\\1ys", None, False], ["([A-Z].*)y$", "\\1ys", None, False], ["y$", "ies", None, False], ], # 12) Some words ending in -o take -os, the rest take -oes. # Words in which the -o is preceded by a vowel always take -os (lassos, potatoes, bamboos). [ ["o$", "os", "o-os", False], ["([aeiou])o$", "\\1os", None, False], ["o$", "oes", None, False], ], # 13) Miltary stuff (Major Generals). [["l$", "ls", "general-generals", False]], # 14) Otherwise, assume that the plural just adds -s (cats, programmes). [["$", "s", None, False]], ] # For performance, compile the regular expressions only once: for ruleset in plural_rules: for rule in ruleset: rule[0] = re.compile(rule[0]) # Suffix categories. plural_categories = { "uninflected": [ "aircraft", "antelope", "bison", "bream", "breeches", "britches", "carp", "cattle", "chassis", "clippers", "cod", "contretemps", "corps", "debris", "diabetes", "djinn", "eland", "elk", "flounder", "gallows", "graffiti", "headquarters", "herpes", "high-jinks", "homework", "innings", "jackanapes", "mackerel", "measles", "mews", "moose", "mumps", "offspring", "news", "pincers", "pliers", "proceedings", "rabies", "salmon", "scissors", "series", "shears", "species", "swine", "trout", "tuna", "whiting", "wildebeest", ], "uncountable": [ "advice", "bread", "butter", "cannabis", "cheese", "electricity", "equipment", "fruit", "furniture", "garbage", "gravel", "happiness", "information", "ketchup", "knowledge", "love", "luggage", "mathematics", "mayonnaise", "meat", "mustard", "news", "progress", "research", "rice", "sand", "software", "understanding", "water", ], "s-singular": [ "acropolis", "aegis", "alias", "asbestos", "bathos", "bias", "bus", "caddis", "canvas", "chaos", "christmas", "cosmos", "dais", "digitalis", "epidermis", "ethos", "gas", "glottis", "ibis", "lens", "mantis", "marquis", "metropolis", "pathos", "pelvis", "polis", "rhinoceros", "sassafras", "trellis", ], "ex-ices": ["codex", "murex", "silex"], "ex-ices-classical": [ "apex", "cortex", "index", "latex", "pontifex", "simplex", "vertex", "vortex", ], "um-a": [ "agendum", "bacterium", "candelabrum", "datum", "desideratum", "erratum", "extremum", "ovum", "stratum", ], "um-a-classical": [ "aquarium", "compendium", "consortium", "cranium", "curriculum", "dictum", "emporium", "enconium", "gymnasium", "honorarium", "interregnum", "lustrum", "maximum", "medium", "memorandum", "millenium", "minimum", "momentum", "optimum", "phylum", "quantum", "rostrum", "spectrum", "speculum", "stadium", "trapezium", "ultimatum", "vacuum", "velum", ], "on-a": [ "aphelion", "asyndeton", "criterion", "hyperbaton", "noumenon", "organon", "perihelion", "phenomenon", "prolegomenon", ], "a-ae": ["alga", "alumna", "vertebra"], "a-ae-classical": [ "abscissa", "amoeba", "antenna", "aurora", "formula", "hydra", "hyperbola", "lacuna", "medusa", "nebula", "nova", "parabola", ], "en-ina-classical": ["foramen", "lumen", "stamen"], "a-ata-classical": [ "anathema", "bema", "carcinoma", "charisma", "diploma", "dogma", "drama", "edema", "enema", "enigma", "gumma", "lemma", "lymphoma", "magma", "melisma", "miasma", "oedema", "sarcoma", "schema", "soma", "stigma", "stoma", "trauma", ], "is-ides-classical": ["clitoris", "iris"], "us-i-classical": [ "focus", "fungus", "genius", "incubus", "nimbus", "nucleolus", "radius", "stylus", "succubus", "torus", "umbilicus", "uterus", ], "us-us-classical": [ "apparatus", "cantus", "coitus", "hiatus", "impetus", "nexus", "plexus", "prospectus", "sinus", "status", ], "o-i-classical": [ "alto", "basso", "canto", "contralto", "crescendo", "solo", "soprano", "tempo", ], "-i-classical": ["afreet", "afrit", "efreet"], "-im-classical": ["cherub", "goy", "seraph"], "o-os": [ "albino", "archipelago", "armadillo", "commando", "ditto", "dynamo", "embryo", "fiasco", "generalissimo", "ghetto", "guano", "inferno", "jumbo", "lingo", "lumbago", "magneto", "manifesto", "medico", "octavo", "photo", "pro", "quarto", "rhino", "stylo", ], "general-generals": [ "Adjutant", "Brigadier", "Lieutenant", "Major", "Quartermaster", "adjutant", "brigadier", "lieutenant", "major", "quartermaster", ], } def pluralize(word, pos=NOUN, custom=None, classical=True): """Returns the plural of a given word. For example: child -> children. Handles nouns and adjectives, using classical inflection by default (e.g. where "matrix" pluralizes to "matrices" instead of "matrixes"). The custom dictionary is for user-defined replacements. """ if custom is None: custom = {} if word in custom: return custom[word] # Recursion of genitives. # Remove the apostrophe and any trailing -s, # form the plural of the resultant noun, and then append an apostrophe (dog's -> dogs'). if word.endswith("'") or word.endswith("'s"): owner = word.rstrip("'s") owners = pluralize(owner, pos, custom, classical) if owners.endswith("s"): return owners + "'" else: return owners + "'s" # Recursion of compound words # (Postmasters General, mothers-in-law, Roman deities). words = word.replace("-", " ").split(" ") if len(words) > 1: if ( words[1] == "general" or words[1] == "General" and words[0] not in plural_categories["general-generals"] ): return word.replace(words[0], pluralize(words[0], pos, custom, classical)) elif words[1] in plural_prepositions: return word.replace(words[0], pluralize(words[0], pos, custom, classical)) else: return word.replace(words[-1], pluralize(words[-1], pos, custom, classical)) # Only a very few number of adjectives inflect. n = list(range(len(plural_rules))) if pos.startswith(ADJECTIVE): n = [0, 1] # Apply pluralization rules. for i in n: ruleset = plural_rules[i] for rule in ruleset: suffix, inflection, category, classic = rule # A general rule, or a classic rule in classical mode. if category is None: if not classic or (classic and classical): if suffix.search(word) is not None: return suffix.sub(inflection, word) # A rule relating to a specific category of words. if category is not None: if word in plural_categories[category] and ( not classic or (classic and classical) ): if suffix.search(word) is not None: return suffix.sub(inflection, word) #### SINGULARIZE ################################################################################### # Adapted from Bermi Ferrer's Inflector for Python: # http://www.bermi.org/inflector/ # Copyright (c) 2006 Bermi Ferrer Martinez # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy # of this software to deal in this software without restriction, including # without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, # distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of this software, and to permit # persons to whom this software is furnished to do so, subject to the following # condition: # # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE # AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN # THIS SOFTWARE. singular_rules = [ ["(?i)(.)ae$", "\\1a"], ["(?i)(.)itis$", "\\1itis"], ["(?i)(.)eaux$", "\\1eau"], ["(?i)(quiz)zes$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(matr)ices$", "\\1ix"], ["(?i)(ap|vert|ind)ices$", "\\1ex"], ["(?i)^(ox)en", "\\1"], ["(?i)(alias|status)es$", "\\1"], ["(?i)([octop|vir])i$", "\\1us"], ["(?i)(cris|ax|test)es$", "\\1is"], ["(?i)(shoe)s$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(o)es$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(bus)es$", "\\1"], ["(?i)([m|l])ice$", "\\1ouse"], ["(?i)(x|ch|ss|sh)es$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(m)ovies$", "\\1ovie"], ["(?i)(.)ombies$", "\\1ombie"], ["(?i)(s)eries$", "\\1eries"], ["(?i)([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$", "\\1y"], # Certain words ending in -f or -fe take -ves in the plural (lives, wolves). ["([aeo]l)ves$", "\\1f"], ["([^d]ea)ves$", "\\1f"], ["arves$", "arf"], ["erves$", "erve"], ["([nlw]i)ves$", "\\1fe"], ["(?i)([lr])ves$", "\\1f"], ["([aeo])ves$", "\\1ve"], ["(?i)(sive)s$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(tive)s$", "\\1"], ["(?i)(hive)s$", "\\1"], ["(?i)([^f])ves$", "\\1fe"], # -es suffix. ["(?i)(^analy)ses$", "\\1sis"], ["(?i)((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$", "\\1\\2sis"], ["(?i)(.)opses$", "\\1opsis"], ["(?i)(.)yses$", "\\1ysis"], ["(?i)(h|d|r|o|n|b|cl|p)oses$", "\\1ose"], ["(?i)(fruct|gluc|galact|lact|ket|malt|rib|sacchar|cellul)ose$", "\\1ose"], ["(?i)(.)oses$", "\\1osis"], # -a ["(?i)([ti])a$", "\\1um"], ["(?i)(n)ews$", "\\1ews"], ["(?i)s$", ""], ] # For performance, compile the regular expressions only once: for rule in singular_rules: rule[0] = re.compile(rule[0]) singular_uninflected = [ "aircraft", "antelope", "bison", "bream", "breeches", "britches", "carp", "cattle", "chassis", "clippers", "cod", "contretemps", "corps", "debris", "diabetes", "djinn", "eland", "elk", "flounder", "gallows", "georgia", "graffiti", "headquarters", "herpes", "high-jinks", "homework", "innings", "jackanapes", "mackerel", "measles", "mews", "moose", "mumps", "news", "offspring", "pincers", "pliers", "proceedings", "rabies", "salmon", "scissors", "series", "shears", "species", "swine", "swiss", "trout", "tuna", "whiting", "wildebeest", ] singular_uncountable = [ "advice", "bread", "butter", "cannabis", "cheese", "electricity", "equipment", "fruit", "furniture", "garbage", "gravel", "happiness", "information", "ketchup", "knowledge", "love", "luggage", "mathematics", "mayonnaise", "meat", "mustard", "news", "progress", "research", "rice", "sand", "software", "understanding", "water", ] singular_ie = [ "algerie", "auntie", "beanie", "birdie", "bogie", "bombie", "bookie", "collie", "cookie", "cutie", "doggie", "eyrie", "freebie", "goonie", "groupie", "hankie", "hippie", "hoagie", "hottie", "indie", "junkie", "laddie", "laramie", "lingerie", "meanie", "nightie", "oldie", "^pie", "pixie", "quickie", "reverie", "rookie", "softie", "sortie", "stoolie", "sweetie", "techie", "^tie", "toughie", "valkyrie", "veggie", "weenie", "yuppie", "zombie", ] singular_s = plural_categories["s-singular"] # key plural, value singular singular_irregular = { "men": "man", "people": "person", "children": "child", "sexes": "sex", "axes": "axe", "moves": "move", "teeth": "tooth", "geese": "goose", "feet": "foot", "zoa": "zoon", "atlantes": "atlas", "atlases": "atlas", "beeves": "beef", "brethren": "brother", "corpora": "corpus", "corpuses": "corpus", "kine": "cow", "ephemerides": "ephemeris", "ganglia": "ganglion", "genii": "genie", "genera": "genus", "graffiti": "graffito", "helves": "helve", "leaves": "leaf", "loaves": "loaf", "monies": "money", "mongooses": "mongoose", "mythoi": "mythos", "octopodes": "octopus", "opera": "opus", "opuses": "opus", "oxen": "ox", "penes": "penis", "penises": "penis", "soliloquies": "soliloquy", "testes": "testis", "trilbys": "trilby", "turves": "turf", "numena": "numen", "occipita": "occiput", "our": "my", } def singularize(word, pos=NOUN, custom=None): if custom is None: custom = {} if word in list(custom.keys()): return custom[word] # Recursion of compound words (e.g. mothers-in-law). if "-" in word: words = word.split("-") if len(words) > 1 and words[1] in plural_prepositions: return singularize(words[0], pos, custom) + "-" + "-".join(words[1:]) # dogs' => dog's if word.endswith("'"): return singularize(word[:-1]) + "'s" lower = word.lower() for w in singular_uninflected: if w.endswith(lower): return word for w in singular_uncountable: if w.endswith(lower): return word for w in singular_ie: if lower.endswith(w + "s"): return w for w in singular_s: if lower.endswith(w + "es"): return w for w in list(singular_irregular.keys()): if lower.endswith(w): return re.sub("(?i)" + w + "$", singular_irregular[w], word) for rule in singular_rules: suffix, inflection = rule match = suffix.search(word) if match: groups = match.groups() for k in range(0, len(groups)): if groups[k] is None: inflection = inflection.replace("\\" + str(k + 1), "") return suffix.sub(inflection, word) return word